https://doi.org/10.4081/ripppo.2023.678
The real relationship: the Portuguese version of the Real Relationship Inventory-Client form
Submitted: December 13, 2022
Accepted: May 5, 2023
Published: July 5, 2023
Accepted: May 5, 2023
Abstract Views: 1820
PDF: 610
HTML: 93
HTML: 93
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Authors
The Real Relationship is a relational construct that has influenced other constructs, like the working alliance, although empirically neglected. The development of the Real Relationship Inventory provides a reliable and valid way of measuring the Real Relationship in research and clinical applications. This study aimed to validate and explore the psychometric properties of the Real Relationship Inventory Client Form with a Portuguese adult sample in the context of psychotherapy. The sample includes 373 clients currently in psychotherapy or concluded recently. All clients completed the Real Relationship Inventory (RRI-C) and the Working Alliance Inventory. The confirmatory analysis revealed the same two factors in the RRI-C for the Portuguese adult population, Genuineness and Realism. The observation of the same factor structure suggests the cross-cultural value of the Real Relationship. The measure demonstrated good internal consistency and acceptable adjustment. A significant correlation was found between the RRI-C and the Working Alliance Inventory and significant correlations between the Bond and Genuineness and Realism subscales. The present study reflects on the RRI-C while also contributing to the importance of the Real Relationship in different cultures and clinical contexts.
Barkham, M., & Lambert, M. J. (2021). The efficacy and effectiveness of psychological therapies. In Barkham, M., Lutz, W., Castonguay, L. G., Bergin, A. E., & Garfield, S. L. (Eds.). (2021). Bergin and Garfield’s handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (7th ed, 50th anniversary edition). Hoboken, Wiley.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1686-4682
Beaton, D. E., Bombardier, C., Guillemin, F., & Ferraz, M. B. (2000). Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine, 25(24), 3186-3191.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-200012150-00014
Bhatia, A., & Gelso, C. J. (2013). A test of the tripartite model of the therapy relationship from the therapist perspective. Paper presented at the North American Society for Psychotherapy Research.
Bohart, A. C. (2005). Person-centered psychotherapy and related experiential approaches. In Gurman, A., & Messer, S. (Eds.), Essential psychotherapies: theory and practice (2nd ed., pp. 107-148). New York, Guilford Press.
Bond, T. G., & Fox, C. M. (2001). Applying the Rasch model: fundamental measurement in the human sciences. New York, Routledge.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410600127
Bordin, E. S. (1975). The working alliance: basis for a general theory of psychotherapy. Paper presented at the Society for Psychotherapy Research, Washington, DC.
Bordin, E. S. (1989). Building therapeutic alliances: the base for integration. Paper presented at the Society for Psychotherapy Research, Berkley, CA.
Bordin, E. S. (1994). Theory and research on the therapeutic working alliance: new directions. In Horvath, A. O., & Greenberg, L. S. (Eds.), The working alliance: theory, research, and practice. (pp. 13-37). New York, Wiley.
Couch, A. S. (1999). Therapeutic functions of the real relationship in psychoanalysis. The Psychiatric Study of the Child, 54(1), 130-168. doi: 10.1080/00797308.1999.11822499.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00797308.1999.11822499
Eugster, S. L., & Wampold, B. E. (1996). Systematic effects of participant role on evaluation of the psychotherapy session. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(5),1020-1028. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.64.5.1020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.64.5.1020
Flückiger, C., Del Re, A. C., Wampold, B. E., & Horvath, A. O. (2019). Alliance in adult psychotherapy. In Norcross, J. C., & Lambert, M. J. (Eds.), Psychotherapy relationships that work: evidence-based therapist contributions (pp. 24-78). Oxford, Oxford University Press.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190843953.003.0002
Freud, A. (1954). The widening scope of indications for psychoanalysis discussion. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 2(4), 607-620. doi: 10.1177/000306515400200404.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/000306515400200404
Fuertes, J. N., Mislowack, A., Brown, S., Gur-Arie, S., Wilkinson, S., & Gelso, C. J. (2007). Correlates of the real relationship in psychotherapy: a study of dyads. Psychotherapy Research, 17(4), 423-430. doi: 10.1080/10503300600789189.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10503300600789189
Gelso, C. J. (2009). The real relationship in a postmodern world: theoretical and empirical explorations, Psychotherapy Research, 19(3), 253-264. doi: 10.1080/10503300802389242.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10503300802389242
Gelso, C. J. (2014). A tripartite model of the therapeutic relationship: theory, research, and practice. Psychotherapy Research, 24(2), 117-131. doi: 10.1080/10503307.2013.845920.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2013.845920
Gelso, C. J. (2011). The real relationship in psychotherapy: the hidden foundation of change (1st ed). Washington, American Psychological Association.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/12349-000
Gelso, C. J., & Carter, J. A. (1985). The relationship in counseling and psychotherapy: components, consequences, and theoretical antecedents. The Counseling Psychologist, 13(2),155-243. doi: 10.1177/0011000085132001.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000085132001
Gelso, C. J., & Carter, J. A. (1994). Components of the psychotherapy relationship: their interaction and unfolding during treatment. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41(3), 296-306. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.41.3.296.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.41.3.296
Gelso, C. J., & Hayes, J. A. (1998). The psychotherapy relationship: theory, research, and practice. Hoboken, John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Gelso, C. J., Kelley, F. A., Fuertes, J. N., Marmarosh, C., Holmes, S. E., Costa, C., & Hancock, G. R. (2005). Measuring the real relationship in psychotherapy: initial validation of the therapist form. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(4), 640-649. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.52.4.640.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.52.4.640
Gelso, C. J., Kivlighan, D. M., & Markin, R. D. (2019). The real relationship. In Norcross, J. C. (Ed.). (2019). Psychotherapy relationships that work (3rd edition). Oxford, Oxford University Press.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190843953.003.0010
Gelso, C. J., & Silberberg, A. (2016). Strengthening the real relationship: what is a psychotherapist to do? Practice Innovations, 1(3), 154-163. doi: 10.1037/pri0000024.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/pri0000024
Greenson, R. R. (1965). The working alliance and the transference neuroses. Psychoanalysis Quarterly, 34, 155-181.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21674086.1965.11926343
Greenson, R. R. (1967). The technique and practice of psychoanalysis. New York, International Universities Press.
Hatcher, R. L., & Gillaspy, J. A. (2006). Development and validation of a revised short version of the working alliance inventory. Psychotherapy Research, 16(1), 12-25. doi: 10.1080/10503300500352500.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10503300500352500
Hill, C. E., Gelso, C. J., Chui, H., Spangler, P. T., Hummel, A., Huang, T., Jackson, J., Jones, R. A., Palma, B., Bhatia, A., Gupta, S., Ain, S. C., Klingaman, B., Lim, R. H., Liu, J., Hui, K., Jezzi, M. M., & Miles, J. R. (2014). To be or not to be immediate with clients: the use and perceived effects of immediacy in psychodynamic/interpersonal psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Research, 24(3), 299-315. doi: 10.1080/10503307.2013.812262.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2013.812262
Kelley, F. A., Gelso, C. J., Fuertes, J. N., Marmarosh, C., & Lanier, S. H. (2010). The real relationship inventory: development and psychometric investigation of the client form. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 47(4), 540-553. doi: 10.1037/a0022082.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022082
Kivlighan, D. M., Kline, K., Gelso, C. J., & Hill, C. E. (2017). Congruence and discrepancy between working alliance and real relationship: variance decomposition and response surface analyses. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 64(4), 394-409. doi: 10.1037/cou0000216.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000216
Kolden, G. G., Wang, C.-C., Austin, S. B., Chang, Y., & Klein, M. H. (2018). Congruence/genuineness: a meta-analysis. Psychotherapy, 55(4), 424-433. doi: 10.1037/pst0000162.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000162
Lo Coco, G., Gullo, S., Prestano, C., & Gelso, C. J. (2011). Relation of the real relationship and the working alliance to the outcome of brief psychotherapy. Psychotherapy, 48(4), 359-367. doi: 10.1037/a0022426.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022426
Machado, P. P., & Horvath, A. (1999). Inventário da aliança terapêutica (WAI). In Simões, M.R., Gonçalves, M. M., & Almeida, L. S. (Eds.), Testes e provas psicológicas em Portugal (Vol. 2, pp. 87-94). Braga, AP-PORT/SHO.
Marmarosh, C. L., Gelso, C. J., Markin, R. D., Majors, R., Mallery, C., & Choi, J. (2009). The real relationship in psychotherapy: relationships to adult attachments, working alliance, transference, and therapy outcome. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56(3), 337-350. doi: 10.1037/a0015169.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015169
Marôco, J. (2014). Análise de equações estruturais. Pero Pinheiro, ReportNumber.
Marôco, J. (2018). Análise Estatística com o SPSS Statistics (7ª ed.). Péro Pinheiro, ReportNumber.
Norcross, J. C. (2019). Psychotherapy relationships that work (3rd edition). Oxford, Oxford University Press.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190843960.001.0001
Owen, J. J., Tao, K., Leach, M. M., & Rodolfa, E. (2011). Clients’ perceptions of their psychotherapists’ multicultural orientation. Psychotherapy, 48(3), 274-282. doi: 10.1037/a0022065.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022065
Pearls, F. (1969). Gestalt therapy verbatim. Lafayette, Real People Press.
Paixão, R., & Nunes, J. (2008). Adaptação portuguesa da escala de aliança psicoterapêutica da Califórnia (versão do paciente). Revista Toxicodependências, 14(2), 75-78.
Ramos, M. A. F. (2008). Análise das características psicométricas da versão portuguesa do Working Aliance Inventory-short revised (Doctoral dissertation). [Article in Portuguese].
Rogers, C. R. (1957). The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 21(2), 95-103. doi: 10.1037/h0045357.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0045357
Rosenzweig, S. (1936). Some implicit common factors in diverse methods of psychotherapy. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 6(3), 412-415. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-0025.1936.tb05248.x.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.1936.tb05248.x
Wampold, W. E., & Budge, S. L. (2012). The 2011 Leona Tyler Award address: the relationship - and its relationship to the common and specific factors of psychotherapy. The Counseling Psychologist, 40(4), 601-623. doi: 10.1177/0011000011432709.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000011432709
How to Cite
Rodrigues Ribeiro, P., & Dias Neto, D. (2023). The real relationship: the Portuguese version of the <em>Real Relationship Inventory-Client</em> form. Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome, 26(2). https://doi.org/10.4081/ripppo.2023.678
Copyright (c) 2023 the Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
PAGEPress has chosen to apply the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) to all manuscripts to be published.