Working on dreams, from psychotherapy to neuroscience
24 August 2021
Vol. 24 No. 2 (2021): SPECIAL ISSUE "Working on dreams, from psychotherapy to neuroscience"

Dreaming during lockdown: a quali-quantitative analysis of the Italian population dreams during the first COVID-19 pandemic wave

Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
3984
Views
908
Downloads
94
HTML

Authors

This study aims to explore the emotional experiences related to the lockdown during the first pandemic wave, analysing the dreams of the Italian population. Through an online survey spread throughout the country, participants completed the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21), the Resilience Scale (RS) and were asked to narrate a dream they had during the lockdown. The dreams were qualitatively analysed through the thematic content analysis. Logistic regression analyses were then conducted to verify the relationship among the categories that emerged and between these categories and the DASS-21 and RS scores. In the dreams 8 categories were identified (Places, Characters, Relationships, Actions, Danger, Death, Processes, and Emotions) composed of specific sub-categories, which seem to compose a sort of narrative structure of the dream. Some sub-categories were found to be predictor of depression and resilience or with exposure to COVID-19. Dreams can be a valid tool both to understand the experiences of the population during the pandemic and to evaluate those at risk of developing distress in clinical practice.

Altmetrics

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Citations

Barrett, D. (2001). Trauma and dreams. Harvard: Harvard University Press.
Barrett, D. (2017). Dreams and creative problem‐solving. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1406(1), 64-67. doi: 10.1111/nyas.13412.
Boyatzis, R. E. (1998). Transforming qualitative information: Thematic analysis and code development. Newcastle upon Tyme: Sage.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. doi: 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa.
Cartwright, R. D. (2010). The twenty-four hour mind: The role of sleep and dreaming in our emotional lives. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Davidson, J., & Lynch, S. (2012). Thematic, literal and associative dream imagery following a high-impact event. Dreaming, 22(1), 58-69. doi: 10.1037/a0026273.
Domhoff, G. W. (1996). Finding meaning in dreams: A quantitative approach. Berlin: Springer.
Domhoff, G. W. (2003). The scientific study of dreams: Neural networks, cognitive development, and content analysis. American Psychological Association.
Franceschini, C., Musetti, A., Zenesini, C., Palagini, L., Pelosi, A., Quattropani, M. C., Lenzo, V., Freda, M. F., Lemmo, D., Vegni, E., Borghi, L., Saita, E., Cattivelli, R., De Gennaro, L., Plazzi, G., Riemann, D., Castelnuovo, G. (2020). Poor quality of sleep and its consequences on mental health during COVID-19 lockdown in Italy. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1-16. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.574475.
Fogli, A., Maria Aiello, L., & Quercia, D. (2020). Our dreams, our selves: automatic analysis of dream reports. Royal Society Open Science, 7(8), 1-19. doi: 10.1098/rsos.192080.
Gazzetta ufficiale (2021). Decreto del Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri 8 marzo 2020. (8th March). Available from: https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/id/2020/03/08/20A01522/sg
Girtler, N. C. E. F., Casari, E. F., Brugnolo, A., Cutolo, M., Dessi, B., Guasco, S., Olmi, C., & De Carli, F. (2010). Italian validation of the Wagnild and Young Resilience Scale: a perspective to rheumatic diseases. Clinical & Experimental Rheumatology, 28(5), 669-78.
Goelitz, A. (2001). Nurturing life with dreams: Therapeutic dream work with cancer patients. Clinical Social Work Journal, 29(4), 375-385. doi: 10.1023/A:1012219314370.
Gorgoni, M., Scarpelli, S., Alfonsi, V., Annarumma, L., Cordone, S., Stravolo, S., & De Gennaro, L. (2021). Pandemic Dreams: quantitative and qualitative features of the oneiric activity during the lockdown due to COVID-19 in Italy. Sleep medicine, 81, 20-32. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2021.02.006.
Hartmann, E., & Basile, R. (2003). Dream imagery becomes more intense after 9/11/01. Dreaming, 13(2), 61-66. doi: 10.1023/A:1023398924124.
Lenzo, V., Quattropani, M. C., Musetti, A., Zenesini, C., Freda, M. F., Lemmo, D., Vegni, E., Borghi, L., Plazzi, G., Castelnuovo, G., Cattivelli, R., Saita, E., & Franceschini, C. (2020). Resilience contributes to low emotional impact of the COVID-19 outbreak among the general population in Italy. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1-12. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.576485.
Levin, R., & Fireman, G. (2002). Nightmare prevalence, nightmare distress, and self-reported psychological disturbance. Sleep, 25(2), 205-212. doi: 10.1093/sleep/25.2.205.
Liu, Q., Luo, D., Haase, J. E., Guo, Q., Wang, X. Q., Liu, S., Xia, L, Liu, Z., Yang, J., & Yang, B. X. (2020). The experiences of health-care providers during the COVID-19 crisis in China: a qualitative study. The Lancet Global Health, 8(6), 790-798. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30204-7.
Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour research and therapy, 33(3), 335-343. doi: 10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-u.
Mazza, C., Ricci, E., Biondi, S., Colasanti, M., Ferracuti, S., Napoli, C., & Roma, P. (2020). A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Italian people during the COVID-19 pandemic: immediate psychological responses and associated factors. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(9), 1-14. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17093165.
MacKay, C., & DeCicco, T. L. (2020). Pandemic dreaming: The effect of COVID-19 on dream imagery, a pilot study. Dreaming, 30(3), 222-234. doi: 10.1037/drm0000148.
Mota, N. B., Weissheimer, J., Ribeiro, M., de Paiva, M., Avilla-Souza, J., Simabucuru, G., Chaves, M.F., Cecchi, L., Cirne, J., Cecchi, G., Rodrigues, C., Copelli, M., Ribeiro, S. (2020). Dreaming during the Covid-19 pandemic: Computational assessment of dream reports reveals mental suffering related to fear of contagion. PLoS One, 15(11), 1-19. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242903.
Musetti, A., Franceschini, C., Pingani, L., Freda, M. F., Saita, E., Vegni, E., Zenesini, C., Quattropani, M., Lenzo, V., Margherita, G., Lemmo, D., Corsano, P., Borghi, L., Cattivelli, R., Plazzi, G., Castelnuovo, G., Somer, E., Schimmenti, A. (2021). Maladaptive daydreaming in an adult Italian population during the COVID-19 lockdown. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 1-10. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.631979.
Najam, N., Mansoor, A., Kanwal, R. H., & Naz, S. (2006). Dream content: Reflections of the emotional and psychological states of earthquake survivors. Dreaming, 16(4), 237-245. doi: 10.1037/1053-0797.16.4.237.
Pesant, N., & Zadra, A. (2006). Dream content and psychological well‐being: A longitudinal study of the continuity hypothesis. Journal of clinical psychology, 62(1), 111-121. doi: 10.1002/jclp.20212.
Pfefferbaum, B., & North, C. S. (2020). Mental health and the Covid-19 pandemic. New England Journal of Medicine, 383(6), 510-512. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2008017.
Rajkumar, R. P. (2020). COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature. Asian journal of psychiatry, 52, 1-5. doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102066.
Rossi, R., Socci, V., Talevi, D., Mensi, S., Niolu, C., Pacitti, F., Di Marco, A., Rossi, A., Siracusano, A., & Di Lorenzo, G. D. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown measures impact on mental health among the general population in Italy. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1-6. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00790.
Salari, N., Hosseinian-Far, A., Jalali, R., Vaisi-Raygani, A., Rasoulpoor, S., Mohammadi, M., Rasoulpoor, S., & Khaledi-Paveh, B. (2020). Prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Globalization and health, 16(1), 1-11. doi: 10.1186/s12992-020-00589-w.
Scarpelli, S., Alfonsi, V., Mangiaruga, A., Musetti, A., Quattropani, M. C., Lenzo, V., Freda, M., Lemmo, D., Vegni, E., Borghi, L., Saita, E., Cattivelli, R., Castelnuovo, G., Plazzi, G., De Gennaro, L., & Franceschini, C. (2021). Pandemic nightmares: Effects on dream activity of the COVID‐19 lockdown in Italy. Journal of Sleep Research, 1-10. doi: 10.1111/jsr.13300.
Schredl, M., & Bulkeley, K. (2020). Dreaming and the COVID-19 pandemic: A survey in a US sample. Dreaming, 30(3), 189-198. doi: 10.1037/drm0000146.
Schredl, M., & Engelhardt, H. (2001). Dreaming and psychopathology: dream recall and dream content of psychiatric inpatients. Sleep and Hypnosis, 3(1), 44-54.
Sun, N., Wei, L., Wang, H., Wang, X., Gao, M., Hu, X., & Shi, S. (2021). Qualitative study of the psychological experience of COVID-19 patients during hospitalization. Journal of affective disorders, 278, 15-22. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.040.
Vindegaard, N., & Benros, M. E. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence. Brain, behavior, and immunity, 89, 531-542. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.048.
Wagnild, G. M., & Young, H. M. (1993). Development and psychometric. Journal of nursing measurement, 1(2), 165-178. doi: 10.1016/j.tipsro.2017.06.003.
World Health Organization. (2020). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Situation report. (March 12nd). Available from: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200731-covid-19-sitrep-193.pdf?sfvrsn=42a0221d_4

How to Cite



Dreaming during lockdown: a quali-quantitative analysis of the Italian population dreams during the first COVID-19 pandemic wave. (2021). Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome, 24(2). https://doi.org/10.4081/ripppo.2021.547